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Indian Medicinal Plants
C.P. Khare (Ed.)
Indian Medicinal Plants
An Illustrated Dictionary
With Pictures of Crude Herbs
123
Author
C.P. Khare
B-/, Janak Puri
New Delhi-
India
chandrma_khare@yahoo.com
Library of Congress Control Number:
ISBN: ---- Springer-Verlag Berlin/Heidelberg
c Springer Science+BusinessMedia, LLC.
All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the
written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+BusinessMedia, LLC., Spring Street,
New York, NY , USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly
analysis. Use in connectionwith any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation,
computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter
developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks,
and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of
opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.
springer.com
Printed on acid-free paper SPIN: —
Dedicated to
the distinguished scientist
Dr. A. P. J. Adbul Kalam
who revived the glory of
Indian medicinal and aromatic plants
in the Rashtrapati Bhawan.
Guiding Factors
First of all, let me acknowledge with gratitude the contribution of the following
reference works which synchronised the synonyms and medicinal properties of
Indian medicinal plants:
• A Catalogue of Indian Synonyms of the Medicinal Plants of India by Moodeen
Sheriff (). (The first exhaustive compilation of synonyms of Indian medicinal
plants in regional languages, besides Latin and English).
• Indian Medicinal Plants by Lt. Col. K.R. Kirtikar and Major B.D. Basu ().
• Glossary of IndianMedicinal Plants by Col. Sir Ram Nath Chopra et al. (CSIR,
).
• Useful Plants of India (CSIR, ; based on The Wealth of India series, Vol. I
, Vol. XI ).
• Dictionary of Indian Medicinal Plants by Akhtar Husain et al. (CIMAP, ).
Based on this legacy, IndianMedicinal Plants. An IllustratedDictionary is aimed
at bringing out an updated Active Study Dictionary of plant sources of Indian
medicine, as a companion volume of my earlier book Encyclopedia of Indian
Medicinal Plants/Indian Herbal Remedies, published by Springer.
Ayurvedic synonyms have been selected from the following sources:
• The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (Vol. I to IV).
• Standard Nomenclature of AyurvedicMedicinal Plants (CCRAS, ).
• Medicinal Plants used in Ayurveda (Rashtriya Ayurveda Vidyapeeth/ National
Academy of Ayurveda, ).
• Plants of Sharangadhara Samhita by Prof. K.C. Chunekar and Dr. K. Pondel
(National Academy of Ayurveda, ).
VIII Guiding Factors
• Plants of Bhava Prakash by Prof. K.C. Chunekar and Dr. N.P. Hota (National
Academy of Ayurveda, ).
• Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha (CCRAS). Published
literature.
• Dravyagun Vigyaan, Vol. II (Hindi) by Dr. Priyavrata Sharma ().
Unani synonyms have been selected from the following sources:
• The National Formulary of Unani Medicine.
• Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine (CCRUM). Published literature.
• UnaniDravyagunaadarsh (Hindi) byDaljit Singh (Ayurvedic and TibbiAcademy,
Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, ).
Siddha/Tamil synonyms have been selected from the following sources:
• Formulary of Siddha Medicine. (Indian Medical Practitioners’ Cooperative
Pharmacy and Store Ltd., IMPCOPS, Chennai).
• TheWealth of India (Vol. II to XI).
• Dictionary of IndianMedicinal Plants (CIMAP).
• The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (Vol. I to IV).
• Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha (CCRAS). Published
literature.
The medicinal plants shortlisted by the National Academy of Ayurveda and
the department of Indian Systems of Medicine (AYUSH) have been included in
the book.
Key applications of medicinal plants are based on the following sources:
• German Commission E monographs.
• ESCOP monographs.
• WHO monographs.
• Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia.
• TheAyurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (Vol. I to IV) for traditionally recognised
applications.
Guiding Factors IX
• The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia.
• The British Herbal Compendium.
• Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, .
For further study, all major findings and leads, including references to research
documents and journals, can be reached through the following books (in
sequence):
• The Wealth of India First Supplement Series (Vol. I to V).
• The Wealth of India original series (Vol. II to XI and revised Vol. to ).
• Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants (Vol. I to V, CDRI).
• Potter’s New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations ( edn).
• Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, .
• PDR for Herbal Medicines, .
• The Treatise on Indian Medicinal Plants (Vol. I to VI).
• Additional sources, as cited at appropriate places.
Dosage of crude herbs is based on the recommendations of The Ayurvedic
Pharmacopoeia of India (Vol. I to IV) and Standard Nomenclature of Ayurvedic
Medicinal Plants (CCRAS).
Roman spellings of Ayurvedic synonyms, introduced for the first time by
Rashtriya Ayurveda Vidyapeeth (National Academy of Ayurveda), New Delhi-
, have been followed. Asiatic Society’s markings are now obsolete. The
text has been formatted following the style-manual of The Wealth of India series
of CSIR.
Detailed references of research journals are beyond the purview of this project.
The text is based on authentic treatises which are the outcome of scientific
screening and critical evaluation by eminent scholars. As I have already indicated,
readers, if they so desire, can always refer back to a particular research paper
cited in the original source. I did not follow the trend of enumerating research
papers which were not actually consulted by me. Researchers should consult the
Database on Medicinal Plants used in Ayurveda series (CCRAS) and Reviews on
Indian Medicinal Plants series (ICMR) for detailed bibliography.
All Indian common names have been spelled according to their actual pronunciation.
The way was shown by the National Academy of Ayurveda by
introducing aa in the spellings. In The Review of Natural Products (Facts and
Comparisons) edition., Khat, Chaat, Chat, qaad, jaad and Miraa have been
X Guiding Factors
included among the common names of Catha edulis, while the common name
of Gymnema sylvestre is spelled as Gurmar instead of Gurmaar. Perhaps the
actual pronunciation was not known to the editors. In India, O is pronounced
in a specific ascent, as in Om, that is the reason uu is used instead of oo. Similarly,
Sanskrit synonyms end with a, that is why aa is used for facilitating proper
pronunciation. These changes have been included so that Indian names are
pronounced correctly.
A few words of gratitude. Dr. V.K. Agarwal Ph. D. (Medicinal Chemistry), who
was the senior editor (chemistry and pharmacology) of TheWealth of India series
for years, reviewed the entire text. He remained closely associated with all my
projects and deservesmuchmore than a few formal words of thanks. Sarita Joshi,
my research associate, bore the brunt of the workload throughout the difficult
phases of the project. For this she also deserves a special mention.
Finally, I would like to add that a concerted effort has been made in the book
to rationalise the therapeutic coverage of Indian medicinal plants as part of my
commitment to scientific herbalism.
C.P. Khare
Society for New Age Herbals
B-/, Janak Puri, New Delhi-
A
Abelmoschus esculentus
(Linn.)Moench.
Synonym _ Hibiscus esculentus Linn.
Family _ Malvaceae.
Habitat _ Native to tropical Africa;
cultivated throughout India, up to
, m.
English _ Gumbo, Lady Finger, Okra.
Ayurvedic _ Bhaandi, Bhindaka,
Bhendaa.
Unani _ Baamiyaa.
Siddha/Tamil _ Vendai.
Folk _ Bhindi, Raamturai.
Action _ Immature pods (decoction)—
emollient, demulcent and
diuretic (in catarrhal affections,
ardor urine, dysuria, dysentery).
Seeds—antispasmodic.
Fatty fraction of the fresh watery extract
of the seeds causes destruction
of cancerous cell growth in vitro. The
pods are reported to exhibit antitumour
activity. An ethanolic extract
of pods was effective against Grampositive
bacteria.
The ripe fruits contain quercetin,
hyperin (hyperoside), hydrolysate of
precipitated mucilage, proanthocyanidins,
D-glucose, D-glucuronic and
galacturonic acids.
Fresh flowers contain flavonol glycosides
and anthocyanins.
Abies pindrow Royle.
Synonym _ A. pindrow Spach.
A. webbiana Lindl. var. pindrow
Brandis.
Pinus pindrow Royle.
Family _ Pinaceae.
Habitat _ Kashmir, Himachal
Pradesh, Tehri-Garhwal and other
areas of northern India, at altitudes
of ,–, m.
English _ Pindrow-Fir, Silver-Fir, The
West-Himalayan Low-Level Fir.
Ayurvedic _ Taalisha (related sp.).
Folk _ Badar, Morinda, Raisalla,
Ransla.
Action _ Uses similar to those of A.
webbiana.
Terpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides
and steroids of the leaf were found
to have mast cell stabilizing action in
rats. Terpenoids and flavonoids offered
bronchoprotection against histamine
challenge in guinea pigs. The
ulcer protective action of petroleum
ether, benzene and chloroform fraction
has been attributed to steroidal
contents. Terephthalic acid demethyl
ester (TADE), isolated from the leaf,
exhibited protection against inflammation
and bronchospasmin guinea pigs.
Ethanolic extract of leaves showed significant
anxiolytic effects on all the
paradigms of anxiety, barbiturate hypnosis
potentiation.
Pindrolactone, a lanostane-based
triterpene lactone, isolated from the
A
2 Abies webbiana Lindl.
leaves, showed mild activity against
Gram-positive bacteria but exhibited
potent antibacterial activity against
Gram-negative bacteria E. coli.
Abies webbiana Lindl.
Synonym _ A. spectabilis (D. Don)
Spach.
Pinus webbiana Wall.
Family _ Pinaceae.
Habitat _ The Himalayas from
Kashmir to Assam at altitudes of
,–, m.
English _ Indian Silver Fir, The
West-Himalayan High-Level Fir,
The East-Himalayan Fir.
Ayurvedic _ Taalisa, Taalisapatra,
Taalisha, Patraadhya, Dhaatriparni,
Dhaatripatra.
Unani _ Taalisapattar.
Siddha/Tamil _ Taalispatri.
Folk _ Badar, Chilrow, Morinda,
Raisalla, Taalispatra. (Tallispatra,
Taalispatri and Talespattre are
also equated with the leaves of
Cinnamomum tamala Nees.)
Action _ Expectorant, bronchial sedative,
decongestant, anticatarrhal,
antiseptic, carminative.
Key application _ Fir (Abies alba
Miller) needle oil—in catarrhal illness
of upper and lower respiratory
tract (internally and externally);
externally in rheumatic and neuralgic
pains. Contraindicated in
bronchial asthma and whooping
cough. (German Commission E.)
A biflavonoid, abiesin, n-triacontanol,
beta-sitosterol and betuloside are
present in the leaves.
The essential oil from leaves contains
alpha-pinene, l-limonene, deltacarene,
dipentene, l-bornyl acetate and
l-cardinene as major constituents.
Dosage _ Needles—– g powder.
(API Vol. IV.)
Abroma augusta Jacq.
Synonym _ Ambroma augusta
Linn. f.
Family _ Sterculiaceae.
Habitat _ Throughout the hotter and
moister parts of India, from Punjab
and Uttar Pradesh, eastwards
to Arunachal Pradesh, Assam,
Meghalaya and Tripura, ascending
to ,m, southwards in Peninsular
India.
English _ Perennial Indian Hemp,
Devil’s Cotton.
Ayurvedic _ Pishaacha Kaarpaasa,
Pivari.
Unani _ Ulat-kambal.
Siddha/Tamil _ Sivapputtuti.
Folk _ Kumal, Sanukapaasi.
Action _ Rootbark—emmenagogue
(used for dysmenorrhoea,
amenorrhoea), abortifacient, galactotrophic.
The root contains abromine (betaine),
friedelin, abromasterol, abromasterol
A, choline, beta-sitosterol,
stigmasterol and octacosanol. Leaves,
reported to be useful in treating uterine
A
Abutilon indicum Linn. Sweet. 3
disorders, contain taraxerol, its acetate
and lupeol.
Dosage _ Leaf juice—– ml.
Rootbark powder—– g. (CCRAS.)
Abrus precatorius Linn.
Family _ Papilionaceae; Fabaceae.
Habitat _ Throughout the country,
ascending to an altitude of about
, m in the outer Himalayas.
English _ Indian Wild Liquorice,
Jequirity, Crab’s Eye, Precatory
Bean.
Ayurvedic _ Gunjaa, Gunjaka,
Chirihintikaa, Raktikaa, Chirmiti,
Kakanti, Kabjaka, Tiktikaa,
Kaakananti, Kaakchinchi. (Not to
be used as a substitute for liquorice.)
Unani _ Ghunghchi, Ghamchi.
Siddha/Tamil _ Kunri.
Folk _ Chirmiti, Ratti.
Action _ Uterine stimulant, abortifacient,
toxic. Seeds—teratogenic. A
paste of seeds is applied on vitiligo
patches.
Along with other therapeutic applications,
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia
of India has indicated the use of seeds
in baldness.
Seeds contain abrin, a toxalbumin,
indole derivatives, anthocyanins, sterols,
terpenes. Abrin causes agglutination
of erythrocytes, haemolysis and
enlargement of lymph glands. A nontoxic
dose of abrin (. mcg/kg body
weight), isolated from the seeds of red
var., exhibited a noticeable increase in
antibody-forming cells, bone marrow
cellularity and alpha-esterase-positive
bone marrow cells.
Oral administration of agglutinins,
isolated from the seeds, is useful in the
treatment of hepatitis and AIDS.
Theseed extract exhibited antischistosomal
activity in male hamsters.
The methanolic extract of seeds inhibited
themotility of human spermatozoa.
The roots contain precol, abrol, glycyrrhizin
(.%) and alkaloids—abrasine
and precasine. The roots also contain
triterpenoids—abruslactone A,
methyl abrusgenate and abrusgenic
acid.
Alkaloids/bases present in the roots
are also present in leaves and stems.
A. fruticulosus Wall. Ex Wight and
Arn. synonym A. pulchellus Wall., A.
laevigatus E. May. (Shveta Gunjaa) is
also used for the same medicinal purposes
as A. precatorius.
Dosage _ Detoxified seed—– g
powder. Root powder—– g. (API
Vols. I, II.)
Abutilon indicum Linn. Sweet.
Synonym _ A. indicum G. Don.
Family _ Malvaceae.
Habitat _ Throughout the hotter
parts of India. Found as a weed in
the sub-Himalayan tract and other
hills up to , m.
English _ CountryMallow, Flowering
Maples, Chinese Bell-flowers.
Ayurvedic _ Atibalaa, Kankatikaa,
Rishyaproktaa.
A
4 Acacia arabica Willd. var. indica Benth.
Unani _ Kanghi, Musht-ul-Ghaul,
Darkht-e-Shaan.
Siddha/Tamil _ Thutthi.
Folk _ Kanghi, Kakahi, Kakahiyaa.
Action _ Dried, whole plant—
febrifuge, anthelmintic, demulcent,
diuretic, anti-inflammatory (in
urinary and uterine discharges,
piles, lumbago). Juice of the plant—
emollient. Seeds—demulcent
(used in cough, chronic cystitis),
laxative. Leaves—cooked and
eaten for bleeding piles. Flowers—
antibacterial, anti-inflammatory.
Bark—astringent, diuretic. Root—
nervine tonic, given in paralysis;
also prescribed in strangury.
Along with other therapeutic applications,
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia
of India indicates the use of the root in
gout, polyuria and haemorrhagic diseases.
The plant contains mucilage, tannins,
asparagines, gallic acid and sesquiterpenes.
Presence of alkaloids,
leucoanthocyanins, flavonoids, sterols,
triterpenoids, saponins and cardiac
glycosides is also reported.
Asparagine is diuretic. Gallic acid
is analgesic. Mucilages act by reflex,
loosen cough as well as bronchial tension.
Essential oil—antibacterial, antifungal.
The drug exhibits immunological
activity. It augments antibody in
animals. EtOH (%) extract of A.
indicum ssp. guineense Borssum, synonym
A. asiaticum (Linn.) Sweet, exhibits
anticancer activity.
Related sp. include: Abutilon avicennae
Gaertn., synonym A. theophrastii
Medic.; A. fruticosum Guill. et al.;
A. hirtum (Lam.) Sweet, synonym A.
graveolens Wt. and Arn.; A. muticum
Sweet, synonymA. glaucumSweet; and
A. polyandrum Wight and Arn., synonym
A. persicum (Burm. f.) Merrill
(known as Naani-khapaat, Jhinakikhapaat,
Kanghi, Makhamali-khapaat
and Khaajavani-khapaat, respectively,
in folk medicine).
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